Theme of Death in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Romeo and Juliet Essays

Theme of Death in Romeo and Juliet           Slash, cling, clank these are the sounds that are heard in a sword encounter as a man is killed.  In the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare the physical composition death is portrayed many times by the characters Marcutio, Romeo, and Juliet.         The first instance of the theme death was in act 3 when Marcutio challenged  Tybalt  to a sword fight.  Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find a grave man.(Act three, scene 1, line 104.)  Also as Marcutio is end he says Help me into some house, Benvolio, Or I shall Faint.  (Act 3, scene 1, line 113.)  Both these quotes show how Marcutio portrayed the theme death.  Second, Romeo is the next to portray the theme death.         straight in Act 5, this is the  time that Romeo shows the theme death.  He has heard of Juliets death and is so heartbroken that he goes to an apothecary to get poison so he can join Juliet in heaven.  To Juliets grave for there must I use thee.  (Act 5, scene 1, line 93).  Second when Romeo is about to drink the poison he says, Heres to my love  Drinks.  O true apothecary Thy drugs are quick.  Thus with a kiss I die.  Falls.  (Act 5, scene 3, line 122).  These quote show how Romeo loves Juliet.  So oftentimes he will die to be with her.  The next quotes show how Juliets feelings are mutual to Romeos.         After Juliet wakes up from her death like coma she sees Romeos dead frame and notices that he had never got the message from the friar.  O churl Drunk all, and left no friendly drop to help me after?  I will kiss his lips. Haply some poison yet doth hang on them.  To make me die with a restorative. The next quote shows how the poison has no effect on Juliet, and how she is so desperate to be with Romeo she wil l stab herself.  O happy dagger  Snatches Romeos dagger.  This is thy sheath there rust, and let me die.  She stabs herself and falls.

Intellectual Property: The Patents :: Intellectual Property Patent Papers

Intellectual Property The PatentsIntroductionWhile an ethical analysis in intellectual home may not be as interesting as the ethical analysis in human genetics, such as in human cloning, patents ar the most relevant in the area of high applied science, which is the most important industry in the Silicon Valley and arguably, becoming one of the most decent engines in the growth of the U.S. economy. In fact, intellectual property, a once very sleepy and very boring subject, is one of the hottest topics of conversations today in the high technology industry.BackgroundThe growing importance of patents has fueled the tremendous growth of forward-looking patents being issued annually in the past several years and currently accelerating evening faster. Many concerns have been raised about new patent ideas such as new business modes and other abstract concepts. Two examples of these business method patents are the One-Click checkout and payment Internet technology patented by Amazo n.com, an Internet commerce company, and the Reverse Auction Internet technology patented by Priceline.com, an Internet based travel agent. Many argue that business methods are discoveries and not true makeions. We discover what before existed, though to us unknown we invent what did not exist before.1 Patents have do one of the greatest competitive assets to ensure the future of the business and as business tools to map trends and convergences, innovates new strategies and capabilities of partners and competitors, and improve all business units in the corporation. Patents have become critical in determining the winners and losers in business competition.Business Issues Patents have also become strategic assets and competitive weapon of enormous value. Patents have become the bargaining chips for companies in negotiations with other companies to gain competitive advantage by gaining access to ask technologies by cross-licensing its patents with partners and competitors.As bus inesses began to discover, the power of patents can no longer be ignored in business competitions as the importance of new ideas and innovations have overshadowed grocery store position and tangible assets such as real estate and raw materials to achieve competitive goals. Patents have become critical in the business subject the smart bombs of tomorrows business wars2 in addition to the traditional sales increase to expand market share. Patents are the tools that every company involve in the business battlefield to capture and defend its market share, stay ahead of the competition, increase revenues, and to be successful in their respective business segments.

Jane Eyre :: English Literature

Jane EyreWhat do you learn from Janes arrival at Thornfield and her firstmeeting with Mr Rochester?When Jane first arrives at Thornfield she is greeted by Mrs Fairfax,she receives a warm invite and an inquiry into whether she is coldand a subsequent offer to warm by the fire. This something Jane is notused to, in the past at the Reeds house, Gateshead, and certainly atLowood her answer had been quite cold and harsh.At Gateshead Jane was treated badly and received no love. Bessie theservant was the only person who even showed some sort of interest inher. In my opinion Bessie cared for Jane as her own, reading to hermany times out of the books by the window seat. Of course the Reedchildren were treated much more fairly and thither was biases towardsthem, but this was down to Mrs Reeds dislike for Jane, which isstated later in the story just before she dies.In chapter three Jane has been in the red room as a punishment andwhen she comes out she has suffered greatly and needs to see a doctor.However Mrs Reed only sends for a apothecary, if one of her ownchildren had been ill a proper doctor would have been called, whichagain shows Mrs Reeds poor treatment of Jane.When finally Jane is sent to what Mr Lloyd thinks will be a betterplace for her, Lowood School, she is faced with more distantrelationships and hard conditions. However Miss Temple and Helen Burnsare of great contrast to the main theme at Lowood and provide at finishsomeone Jane can trust and relate to. Miss Temple has a kind characterand concerns herself with Janes well being when she arrives at theschool. She later becomes the closest Jane gets to a role model inlife. Helen is Janes first friend and has a profound effect on her inmany ways as well as being a counterbalance to Janes character andteaching her to be self-controlled and well disciplined and studiousto get on in life.As I rove earlier when Jane first comes to Thornfield she is meet byMrs Fairfax. As always Jane is quick to form impressio ns in her mindwhich as readers we learn and can appreciate. She describes her asthe neatest thinkable little elderly lady. Which you see as quite alikeable and welcoming character. She then goes on to say A morereassuring foot for a new governess could scarcely beconceived. This shows the perfect setting for Jane at last, which is

A New Forest To Conquer :: essays research papers fc

The future(a) is a story that I hope to someday tell my grandchildren. I want it to serve as a means of instilling in them the fortitude and dexterity that I have somehow found within myself to make it through this wonderful and sometimes very painful journey. Once upon a time, amply, high up in a tree, there was a red cents inhabit and in that nest there was a special, dinky egg . The m a nonher(prenominal) bird worried and fussed and fussed and worried over her small egg, saying, Oh my, this little egg can non possibly be sizable enough for my baby bird. Fin all in ally, the mystify birds wait and worry over the little egg came to an end and her baby hatched. Unfortunately, the egg had indeed been farthermost too small for her baby bird the little bird was terribly sick from not having enough room to grow. Not sure how to care for the little one, which they named Polly, the mother bird and father bird took their raw baby to the Great Owl . Thanks to the Great Owls wisd om and patience, the little bird lived, scarce, despite his tender care, Pollys wings would not grow. The mother bird refused to believe that her darling baby, that she had worried and waited for, for so long, would never fly. As Polly grew, her mother worked with her everyday, in hopes of teaching her daughter to fly. Eventually, their hard work paying off and, although she was a little slow and awkward, Polly finally learned to fly. As she grew bigger and surer of herself, Polly wished to play with the other birds her age. She tried to fly and play with them, but they did not want her in their games. They teased and mocked her and said she was too slow. Polly wished the other birds understood how hard she had had to work, just to be able to fly at all. But that did not matter to the other birds they only wanted the strongest, fastest birds for their games . So, Polly went home, heartbroken, and made up her own games to play. When it came time for all the young birds to begin scho ol, Polly had no choice but to join them. Afraid that her sensitive little daughter might be hurt by the other young birds, Pollys mother offered to let her go to a special school, but Polly refused.A New Forest To Conquer essays research papers fc The following is a story that I hope to someday tell my grandchildren. I want it to serve as a means of instilling in them the courage and dexterity that I have somehow found within myself to make it through this wonderful and sometimes very painful journey. Once upon a time, high, high up in a tree, there was a birds nest and in that nest there was a special, little egg . The mother bird worried and fussed and fussed and worried over her little egg, saying, Oh my, this little egg cannot possibly be big enough for my baby bird. Finally, the mother birds wait and worry over the little egg came to an end and her baby hatched. Unfortunately, the egg had indeed been far too small for her baby bird the little bird was terribly sick from no t having enough room to grow. Not sure how to care for the little one, which they named Polly, the mother bird and father bird took their new baby to the Great Owl . Thanks to the Great Owls wisdom and patience, the little bird lived, but, despite his tender care, Pollys wings would not grow. The mother bird refused to believe that her darling baby, that she had worried and waited for, for so long, would never fly. As Polly grew, her mother worked with her everyday, in hopes of teaching her daughter to fly. Eventually, their hard work paid off and, although she was a little slow and awkward, Polly finally learned to fly. As she grew bigger and surer of herself, Polly wished to play with the other birds her age. She tried to fly and play with them, but they did not want her in their games. They teased and mocked her and said she was too slow. Polly wished the other birds understood how hard she had had to work, just to be able to fly at all. But that did not matter to the other birds they only wanted the strongest, fastest birds for their games . So, Polly went home, heartbroken, and made up her own games to play. When it came time for all the young birds to begin school, Polly had no choice but to join them. Afraid that her sensitive little daughter might be hurt by the other young birds, Pollys mother offered to let her go to a special school, but Polly refused.

Symbolism of White and Green in The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The Great Gatsby is full of symbolism, change, for example. Throughout the book the author uses them to represent different themes of the novel. Some of these colors are albumen, yellow, grey, green, pink, red and blue. However, I picked white and green for my commentary because I think these colors have a special meaning different from the others. fresh is mainly used to come across the characters innocence, fakeness, and corruption. While green represents Gatsbys hopes, ambitions, and dreams. In addition, sometimes green symbolizes the jealousy of certain characters.The color white appeared many times throughout the book. It is used in the first chapter by Nick when he sees Daisy and Jordan in East Egg. They were both in white and their dresses were cockle and fluttering as if they had just been blown back in after a short flight around the house. (Pg. 8) In this passage, white is used to describe Daisys and Jordans innocence and purity. However, in page 24 the real characteristics of Daisy are revealed, Our white girlhood was passed together there our beautiful white, this tells us that when Daisy was younger she was innocent, but now she has changed. In page 116, the author talks about Jordan Jordans fingers, powdered white over their tan, rested for a second in mine. This symbolizes fakeness, it tells us that Jordan is a superficial woman just like Daisy. They try to pretend to be something that they are not, just because they want to fit into the naughty society.Fitzgerald also refers to the steps to Gatsbys house as being white. Even the windows at Daisys house are white. The windows were ajar and gleaming white. (Pg.13) this tells us that Daisy and Gatsby aspect innocent from the outside but not from the inside, instead they are corrupted people. This thought is also expressed when Gatsby takes Nick for a ride in his car. When he is stopped by a policeman, Gatsby shows the officer a white card, which symbolizes corruption. When the commissioner sees this, he lets Gatsby go. Nick thought it was a Christmas card sent to him by the officer, but ulterior on we learn that Gatsby had bribed the police officer.White might also be related to Tom, who is a racist man. He is very concerned about a book he read called The Rise of the Coloured Empire.

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children

When thinking about statistics on child abuse, its in truth helpful to know that the idea of child abuse is very controversial. Recently, in particular homes and cultures, child abuse has come to be seen as a major social problem and a main cause of m any(prenominal) another(prenominal) peoples suffering and personal problems. Some believe that we are beginning to face the true prevalence and significance of child abuse. There is more than to child abuse than just the physical scars children are affected socially, mentally, and emotionally. According to the American National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, in 1997, neglect be 54% of confirmed cases of child abuse, physical abuse 22%, sexual abuse 8%, emotional maltreatment 4%, and other forms of maltreatment 12%. sensible abuse is defined as physical aggression directed at a child by an adult. It can involve kicking, striking, shoving, slapping, burning, bruising, pulling ears or hair, stabbing choking or shaking a child. Child neglect is when the obligated adult fails to provide adequately for various needs. These may include physical, mental, educational, and medical. out(p) of all the possible forms of abuse, emotional abuse is the hardest to define. It could include name-calling, ridicule and degradation, destruction of personal belongings, torture or destruction of a pet, excessive criticism, inappropriate or excessive demands, withholding information, and routine labeling and humiliation. Most abused and neglected children never come to the attention of government authorities. This is true for neglected and sexually abused children, who may have no signs of harm. In the case of sexual abuse, secrecy and intense feelings of shame may prevent children, and adults aware of the abuse the child undergoe... ...and destroyed newly-formed neurons. The areas of their brains responsible for the management of their emotions were 20% to 30% smaller than in other children of the same age. It would be logical to conclude that this damage can result in any child (not only Romanian) who suffers such abandonment and maltreatment (Dr. Alice Miller, 1998).Works Cited Dr. Alice Miller, Childhood Trauma, presented as a lecture to the YWHA, New York City, 1998Jim Hopper, Ph.D. Child Abuse Statistics, Research, and Resources for Recovery. 1996Lowenthal, 1996, p. 22Nelson, D., G. Higginson, and J. Grant-Worley. Physical Child Abuse Effects. Child Abuse Effects, Statistics, Types and Stories of Abuse. Nov. 1995Scientists at University College Target Child Abuse. Pediatrics Week 5 Feb. 2011 324. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

Juliet is the Better Lover Essay

Romeo and Juliet is Shakespeares greatest cheat story. With all the characters mixed up in love, hate, war and friendship, the bards tale spearheads a current debate on whether Romeo or Juliet was the better lover. This paper attempts to prove why Juliet is by far the better lover compared to Romeo. Experts claim reason to believe that Romeo and Juliet were actually juveniles. Romeo was ivteen and Juliet was thirteen. This was evident in Elizabethan royalties where sons and daughters of the rich found themselves pre-arranged to sons and daughter of the same class.Girls were allowed to marry as young as 12. Between Romeo and Juliet, Juliet sacrificed more than because she had to pursue her love to Romeo given the fact that she was a fille and was the younger of lover. Being a woman, much less a girl during the Elizabethan times meant following very strict rules. Breaking of these rules meant dishonor, disgrace and penalization from her parents. Although the Romeo deserves the s ame fate from his parents, the gender difference makes all the difference. Elizabethan Women were besides dominated by the male members of their family.They were expected to instantly obey not further their father but also their brothers and any other male members of the family. The punishment for disobey was the whipping stool the Elizabethan girls were beaten into submission and disobedience was seen as a crime against their religion. (2005) Of the many definitions of love, Scott Peck describes it in his book The street Less Traveled as The will to extend ones self for the purpose of nurturing ones own or anothers spiritual growth. (Peck, 1978) In this definition betwixt Juliet and Romeo, it is Juliet who has extended herself.Trusting her life to the poison of the priest, she totally follows the plan hoping that through her sacrifice, Romeo and herself can live happily forever after. During those times when total faith is expected and practiced in society, the belief in earthly concoctions is almost equal to belief in witches ways. But because of her love for Romeo, Juliet allows her heartbeat to stop for three days choosing a life with her Romeo than a well-off life with her parents and Paris. Compared to the sacrifice of Romeo and Juliet, it is Juliets sacrifice that can be considered solemn because she became consistent with her selflessness for her lover.Romeo couldnt sacrifice his vengeance for his friend who was killed by Juliets cousin which made the turns in the story. If love is self-sacrifice then Romeo is a better lover because he killed himself for the love of Juliet but love is not self-sacrifice per se. Love is the act of expanding oneself so that one could evolve from something to something better. To note, Juliet died twice for her Romeo. The low gear time was when she drank the poison and the second time was when she stabbed herself. So in the matter of the number of times the lovers tried to kill themselves for the love of the l over, it is still Juliet that outnumbered Romeo.She not only outnumbered Romeo in the time she killed herself but in the ways she did it. Romeo only used the poison once but Juliet used the poison and used the dagger to consort her to bleed to death upon her realization that her Romeo was dead. Juliet is the better lover because she was the first one who had to endure a lovers loss. When Romeo was banished, she rued for her Romeo more than for her cousin. If Romeo did not instantly grieve the death of his friend, maybe Juliets cousin would still be alive, but then again the greatest love story would not have been told.Romeo grieved for Juliet only upon knowing of her death, which made very dramatic and weighty due to his committing suicide. However, the drama did not climax at the end of his suicide but it further gained senior high school when Juliet took the dagger and impaled it into her chest. Suicide is not something that happens for a simple reason. It is impossible to rap up in a nutshell the many reasons a mortal may urgency to die. The reasons for suicide range from critical injury and fatal illness to momentary sadness or a sudden and emotionally jarring shock.Some reasons may seem logical (if you are in pain and dying anyway, why prolong the suffering? ) while others seem ridiculous (a crush dumped on you in front of friends and you feel humiliated) but whatever the reason, to the person thinking of suicide, they are unbearable. The fact of the matter is that the vast majority of suicides are the result of a colonial combination of circumstances, emotions and a psyche in turmoil. (Hardcastle, 2007) For Juliet, it was definitely a combination of perplexities during that very moment. But surely among them, she had the option of just continuing her life exonerate of anything and everything.She could start anew because she was dead to her parents and families anyway. However, since she was also young and in shock about the death of her Romeo, th e dagger was a quick solution to make her be eternally together with Romeo. Juliet definitely chose love. Physiologically, Juliet is more capable of being the better lover. At fourteen, boys will be boys as could be proven by the peevishness Romeo had when his enemy killed his friend. The clouding of the mind, never mind if he was about to kill his brides cousin but the rage of testosterone controlled Romeo.There are physiological differences between girls and boys that would prove their capability of experiencing true and mature love, as explained by Dr. Gurian, 1999. 1. Adolescent boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed as emotionally disturbed than adolescent girls. presumption this, Romeo most likely had decided to kill himself but that decision may have been influenced with disturbed thoughts. 2. Adolescent males are four times as likely to commit suicide as adolescent females. Given this data, the suicide of Romeo would not count so much as Juliets suicide due to gen der difference.3. Adolescent males are routinely found to channel other primary feelings hurt, pain, grief, into anger. Given this, there would be a hatchway for Romeo to have committed suicide due to anger at the whole world than due to love for Juliet. 4. Adolescent boys are 15 times as likely as adolescent females to be victims of violent crime. Adolescent boys commit violent crime at a higher rate than adult offenders. Given this data, the suicide of Romeo does not count more in intensity than Juliet in terms of the violence confronting the adolescents.The shock, fear, courage and other emotions of putting the dagger towards her heart has more weight due to the gender difference. 5. Millions of adolescent boys experience post-traumatic stress due to family, cultural, and socio-economic situations. A post-traumatic boy is ten times more likely than his female fellow to act out in a way that is dangerous to another person. Proving who the better lover is most difficult but like in any debate, the definitions must be stated clearly. For this paper, love has been defined as the act of self-sacrifice in the most mature circumstances.Love is an act where a person would consistently show in her actions and decisions that she is bound to another because she wishes the other person expansion of himself with her along with him. The sacrifice of Juliet comes early on in the play as can be taken from the excerpt O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name, or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, and Ill no longer be a Capulet. The line illustrates that Juliet will decide not to be Capulet if Romeo do not put out his name.This decision also illustrates how Juliet was ready to sacrifice her whole identity just for the sake of her lover. Maybe, for Romeo to become the better lover, he should have been more mature than Juliet. Meantime, the bards tale is a unique example of truly big womens capacity to love is.References . , 2007. Elizabethan Women. http//www. william-shakespeare. info/elizabethan-women. htm Peck, Scott. M. MD. 1978. The Road Less Travelled. P. 81. measuring New York Hardcastle, Mike. 2007. Teen Advice. http//teenadvice. about. com/mbiopage. htm Gurian, Michael. PhD. 1999. Ten things each of us should know about adolescent boys.

An Examination of Racism in the Deep South of America Essay

An Examination of Racism in the Deep South of America From the1930s to the 1960s through a variety of texts. Race a grouping of persons having a common ancestor family, kindred people, genus, species, breed, variety, or class of persons That is what the dictionary says, so why so much hatred, politics and fuss The Anglo American buckle down trade, started in the 16th century when the archetypical Hispanic people settled in Mexico and the Caribbean. From there, the other Europeans who migrated took black Africans to work on their cotton and tobacco plantations.This started the in truth wealthy Slave Triangle in which umteen Captains sought profit. The ships would sail empty from England, Spain, France or Portugal to the African countries to catch slaves. After filling their holds with human encumbrance they would set sail for the Caribbean. Once there, the Captains sold the slaves to the dealers in return for cotton or tobacco, which they would sell for a large profit back at h ome. These slaves were thus the full property of their know and he or she could do anything they liked to them and treat them in anyway they wanted to.One example of this is an advertisement in the Royal Gazette (Kingston Jamaica) saying Runaway, about 15 months ago a negro man of the Mungola country named Jamaica also about two months ago, two Negro men named James and Sambo a reward of i 10 for Jamaica and a Half Joe each for James and Sambo Also stolen or strayed a Bright bay tree Northward HORSE also a small JACK ASS a reward of a pistole will be given for each This shows that their masters treated the slaves with about as much respect and sense of belonging as a horse or donkey. Such disregard upset many Americans and so some spoke out against it.In 1861, because they would not agree to abolish slavery, the Southern States left the Union of American States. This created even more cry out until Abraham Lincoln , the then President of America declared war on the Southern Sta tes. The American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865. It destroyed most of the coarse land in the South and drained it of its wealth. After the Civil War the United States of America was formed. During the next 5 10 years the Federalers set in confide a number of laws giving back human and civil rights to the black people.Initially this idea worked, but due to the hostility of the Southern league these c hang upes eventually failed. The Yankees that is the Northern Army and Governors called the changes they made reconstruction, but after they left, using a number of loopholes in the Law, the Southern Governors set in place many new rules. These were called the Jim Crow Laws and they segregated the black former slaves from the white people completely, thereby undoing all the good work done by the Northerners. The following while of white supremacy was called redemptionThis time of redemption and segregation was a hard time for the blacks 1) Their voting rights were take n away 2) The funds for black crops was diverted to white education. 3) There were separate buses for coloured and white people, or no bus at all. An example of this is given in the myth Roll of Thunder where the Logan children have to dive into a ditch up to their chests, or in the case of Little Man- swim, to avoid the oncoming Jefferson Davies school bus and its ruthless driver. It was around this time when the Depression hit America.The South was hit especially hard and the price of cotton fell dramatically. This downturn in the economy created serious hardship for the majority of people, both black and white. The arrival of new technology added to the hardship as cotton looms and ploughs cut work loads, do one person and one tractor able to do the work of eight men and eight mules. Publicity of the suffering of the South created Aid and money from Northern Citizens, but due to the amount of corruption the blacks did not benefit from this.Some workers, both black and white, joined together to fight for more money and emend working conditions, and as a result the rich landowners and vigilantly race hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan used violence to break up their protests and demonstrations. Racism comes in three forms Verbal, Physical and Institutional Verbal Why did the white people feel that they could say something offensive and why did they even say it in the first place? In the Novel Roll of Thunder, Little Man receives a book from his teacher for the new term.He eagerly thumbs through it but to his standoff finds a form that reads Date Condition Owner family 1922 Good White Sept 1928 Good White Sept 1930 Average White Sept 1933 Very Poor Nigra The term nigra is very offensive and as a result the naive boy protests and gives the book back. His teacher, Mrs Crocker simply replies Well, thats what you are . This shows that even teachers can happily pass off insulting words just because a coloured child had owned a book. A further insult was that the book was damaged, which was untrue.Another form of verbal abuse is when in the same book, a mob attempts to lynch TJ, and they decide to try and hang Pa Logan and Mr. Morrison, the human giant I say, what we oughtta do is take him down the road an take care of that big black giant of a spade at the same time And why not that boy he working for too? The boy they are referring to Pa Logan, a fully-grown, independent man. This is from the time of slavery, where the masters could speak to their slaves as they wished.

LVMH: Managing the Multi-Brand Conglomerate Essay

1. LVMHs diversification represents the groups strong presence in the extravagance goods mart as a completely with products from the fashion and leather range, wines and spirits range, watches and jewelry range, perfumes and cosmetics range, and fin everyy the selective selling range. This dodge aims to claim market share in market segments that are be with the specific customer segment as the common denominator. LVMH is a market leader in some markets and has a decent market share in others and aims to be the leader in the luxury market as a whole where the elite customers can recognize its brands from all of its product ranges and the come with plans to s upshot brand loyalty inside those customers so that a customer who chooses LVMH for watches for instance, is also inclined to choose an LVMH product for wine and spirits. Diversification also spreads the bon tons costs over a number of brands and the revenues as substantially so that it can always insure good rate of retur n for investors.2. For a company like LVMH to compete on a scope that includes champagne, jewelry, fashion, cosmetics, and retailing is logical and even necessary for it to keep a competitive edge because its competitors deal utilize the same dodging to fight for market share in the luxury market in all of its segments. The companys policy aims to build the mind in their customers heads that they can always expect the same consistent high-end tonus when choosing any brand that is owned or associated by LVMH and since elite customers, or solely customers looking for some products for luxury living, usually want to wear high quality jewelry to match their high quality fashion wear or even enjoy the consumption of high quality spirits, they can always scram the brand image of LVMH in their heads because they expect that the quality of the jewelry or the wine will match the quality of the fashion wear they are wearing.3. LVMH adds value to its different businesses by passing down the know-how that made its original products everlasting to the brands that are relatively newer so that quality is consistent throughout its different brands. The company does this through human resources departments that havean eye for talents for design as wellspring as the right people to learn the companys policies and to implement them so that the functioning of the group remains consistent. The value chain for LVMH begins with buying cutting materials for them to create their product, which of course, they have gained expertise and leadership even in some segments. In operations, handled extensively in France and Spain, they strive to compete for cost leadership. Next comes logistics, which is mainly sea routes and they strive to have their products delivered in eonly fashion so they can meet customer demands which sometimes exceeds supply knowing that creating high-end luxury products is time consuming.Next is marketing, where they always depend on their brands histori c qualities to promote themselves to already-loyal customers and to newer customers seeking luxury goods. Finally, in service, human resources can always insure the best retail outlet partnerships and good sales and after-sales services. 4. In general, LVMH have their value chain synergized whether purchasing, operations, technology, sales and marketing, distribution, and services but since their multi-brand strategy is highly decentralized (this is payable to the tone of keeping the independent identity of the brand and its creative process), but technology can be best synergized in this sense only to control quality and oversee the creative process while at the same time assuring the creative processes remain independent and well-backed.5. LVMHs core competence begins in its product and service quality which is history timeless and is already infiltrated the luxury market as a whole either as a market leader or a strong competitor for market leadership. This alone gives the bran ds a strong competitive advantage and attractiveness. Another core competence is innovation. LVMHs brands and smart brand acquisition strategy has seen it house some very important fashion labels that are historically known for innovation (Luis Vuitton, Givenchy, Tag Heuer etc) as well as hiring some of the most world-renown designers (example Marc Jacobs).With this in customers minds, they can always expect innovation from the companys already established brands as well as their newly acquired or marketed brands. LVMH organizes training and skills development seminars that ensure they always remain competitive and leaders in innovation, creativity, and luxury appeal. Their controlled distributionnetworks, extensive marketing activity, and their presence in all the luxury markets also gives the company as a whole a competitive edge.6. LVMH has exploited its core competence in its various diversification moves and strategic acquisitions in a very reasonable and logical manner. The di versification moves have remained consistent with the companys image because it has alter only into markets and products which the company viewed as luxury in the eyes of the customer. The company has enough knowledge of the market and they know customer tastes and behavior and it also uses the alive infrastructure to promote their diversify products.The same can be said about the strategic acquisitions as they usually acquire a brand ground on its fit with LVMHs existing product lines or if that is not the deterrent example, they may acquire a brand for a certain characteristic or asset they think they need to gain more competitive advantage which may be used either in the newly acquired brand or their existing brands. It is also important to note that newly acquired businesses have greatly contributed to the companys revenues over the recent years and shareholders have, as well, benefited from the diversification strategy of LVMH.7. LVMH manages its diversified empire by implem enting a decentralized management strategy to manage its many different brands. Most of them enjoy a great make love of autonomy because in the fashion business, which depends on creativity and innovation, the creative people must be given freedom for their work to become a derive and not a miss. Headquarters ensure quality control and financial backing for newly acquired brands that have near future potential. LVMH manages a very diversified product portfolio with star brands in the fashion and leather goods and to some extent the watches and jewelry brands.They have cash cows in the wine and spirits brands and in selective retailing. They have however question marks in the perfumes and cosmetics lines. The cash cows look to remain that way and not become poor dogs delinquent to the timelessness of LVMHs products in history and their portfolio of star products are diversified and positioned in the market in a way that capitalizes on the industrys growth. As previously mentioned , LVMH manages people with a human resources department that organizes skill developing seminars as well as inter-product seminars to strengthen thebrands school of thought in its people and to motivate them to work always in that manner.8. As previously noted, LVMH has a strength in its synergies due to its existing infrastructure irrespective of its diversified brands, newly-acquired brands, and global presence where it is normal to form synergies in the value chain in order to have consistent quality and timely pitch of products as well as maintaining the same level of excellence in sales, marketing, and after sales services. Their selective retailing of course, is the main reason for delays in case of un judge high demands and in high costs, but since it does not sacrifice its core competency in delivering always high quality luxury products.9. many synergies that can be identified and exploited by LVMH include overlapping technology across all its diverse businesses includin g e-commerce and to implement technology developments into some of its brands which have long been run in a traditional way. Operations are normally overlapping due to the nature of luxury goods and this can be just exploited to include wine and spirits product lines to include better synergy in marketing and sales for this product line. Luxury products are normally sold in similar markets therefore they can always demand a premium price since they target premium customers and this will always be to the companys advantage and it should not back down from this pricing policy. This product placement and premium price it demands makes it easy for LVMHs different diverse businesses to overlap and cross-sell its diverse luxury brands.10. Bernard Arnaults diversified strategy and his acquisitions under LVMH have been, in general, fruitful and this is evident from the fact the new acquisitions are lend significantly to the revenues of the company and the growth is sustained in existing ma rkets and is positive in new markets. It is normal, when implementing such a strategy, that some strategic moves may not always be fruitful but the company can afford to pull the plug on brands that are not performing as expected due to the large diversification in all departments that the company enjoys and the existinginfrastructure and operations chain which wont be harmed in this case.The companys image is still regarded by the customer as it was historically and the elite customer can still relate to its fresh acquisitions and above all the shareholders are satisfied with the financials of the company so, all in all, as long the management is remains overlooking the creative processes and the company satisfies its strong creative people, the strategy looks to be sustained.11. LVMH is recommended to continue adding to its already impressive product portfolio by keeping sight on appealing brands that fits its brand image. However, luxury businesses that are not core to its image should be divested from such as the mass retailing and media businesses and it should focus on its core product lines.Also, management should be patient with brands that are initially underperforming because over time, they may build their own reputation and become hot sellers and this move is in line with the companys philosophy of timelessness. LVMH should also have back-up options in creativity in the form of protg designers in the case of head designers leaving or disagreeing with management policies because at the end of the day, in the luxury business it is the combination of innovative design as well as high quality that affects the bottom line sales and revenue.12. SWOT AnalysisStrengths different and powerful product portfolio in the luxury market historical significance of the brand image Strong distribution channels and strong relations with retailers due to the brands influence Consistency in launching new products and acquiring new businesses High-end quality contr olWeaknesses Selective retailing business questionable with underperforming returns Competitiveness within its own brands weakens some of them against competitorsOpportunities Entering new markets and expanding into new countries Marketing and advertising more aggressivelyThreat External economic impacts (price deflation, decrease in consumer purchasing power) Imitator brands and cheap knock-off products Focusing on one brand and neglecting other brands with big potential

Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems

Intermediate Apprenticeship in Health (Emergency Cargon Assistance) Edexcel L2 Diploma in Emergency C ar Assistance (QCF) Unit 11 con levelation and Physiology of Body Systems A/602/5038 Candidate Name _Ashley Orwin____________________ Candidate Employer ___________________ Unit Overview This unit lead give learners a elementary understanding of how the ashes is organise from cells up to remainss. Learners allow for also gain an understanding of the comp starnts and powers of the master(prenominal) organizations of the remains, leading to further understanding of how illness or injury affects the common personate functions of an organ or system. How you will be assessed for unit 12This unit consists of one knowledge off convey which will be assessed via a workbook. Outcomes Assessment Criteria 1. go how soundbox Systems are organised Knowledge contributebook 1. 1 tick the coordinate of a typical cell1. 2 abstract the commentary of tissue1. 3 dodging the translat ion of an organ1. 4 abbreviation the definition of a consistency system1. 5 Define guiding monetary value utilized in medicine1. 6 try major vicissitude meat indoors the bole cavities 2. Know the Functions of the Respiratory System Knowledge Workbook 2. 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract2. Describe the social structure of the lungs2. 4 Outline the physical work at of respiration2. 5 Describe the initial management of bronchial asthma onslaught 3. Know the function of the Cardiovascular System Knowledge Workbook 3. 1 Outline the billet of thecardiovascular system3. 2 Label the structure of the face3. 3 State the electrical conductionsystem of the purport3. 4 Describe the purpose of diversetypes of daub vessels3. 5Describe the properties of course 4. Know how the restless system supports soundbox functions Knowledge Workbook 4. 1 Outline the role of the restlesssystem4. 2 Identify the components of whereforeervous system 5.Know how the skeletal system functions Knowledge Workbook 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletalsystem5. 2 Label the organizes of the skeleton5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints5. 4 Outline the relationship mingled with the muscular system and theskeleton In order to pass this unit you moldiness plump out this workbook to a satisfactory standard. Should you ease up any catchyies with this workbook your clinical tutors will be happy to support you 1. Know how the body systems are organised. 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell Using the following diagram label the key component of the cell.Nucleolus Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum centre Nucleus Centriole Centriole Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cell membrane Mitochondria Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Golgi complex 2. 2 Outline the definition of a tissue You need to observe the followi ng types of tissue in your get along, epithelial, continuative, nervous and vigour specifying how muscle is sub divided into both unbidden and involuntary natural endowment appropriate examples. A collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances surrounding them. at that place are four basic kinds of tissue in the body epithelium, connective tissues including adipose tissue, crinkle, bone, and cartilage, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. Epithelial C all overs the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or to a greater extent layers. This tissue is specialised to form the covering or lining of all internal or extraneous body surfaces. joining Connective tissue serves a connecting function it supports and binds any(prenominal) other tissue. Nervous nervous tissue is responsible for sensing stimuli and transmitting signals to and from different parts of an organism.Neurons are the basic unit of nervous tissue. brawniness t issue has ability to relax and contrast and so brings about re reason and mechanical work in unlike parts of the body. (Skeletal, smooth and cardiac) 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ. An organ is a number of specialised tissues and cells that are formed together to form an organ which has a special function at bottom the body. E. g. the heart, routine for carrying blood rough the body. An organ is a number of specialised tissues and cells that are formed together to form an organ which has a precise function inwardly the body.E. g. the heart, use of goods and services for carrying blood around the body. You need to consider the following in your answer, namely how specialized tissues have both specialist functions or form a particular structure such as the heart or lungs. 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system. The body has many another(prenominal) different organs all with their own specific jobs and are made up of different parts for example the respiratory system has the nose, trachea, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and address which are all use to breath.A group of organs working together to perform a particular function The body has many different organs all with their own specific jobs and are made up of different parts for example the respiratory system has the nose, trachea, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and mouth which are all use to breath. A group of organs working together to perform a particular function You need to acknowledge in your answer that the body is comprised of a number of systems that quit specific organs that have specialized functions, for example the lungs in the respiratory system. . 5 Define Directional foothold used in medicine Your answer must(prenominal) provide a clear definition of the following equipment casualty and how these are gived to describe the humans body and positioning of both injuries and/or organs. 1. pucka Toward or at the top(prenominal) part of the structur e 2. Inferior Toward or at the lower part of the structure 3. Lateral Away from the midline of the body / on the outer(a) side 4. Medial Toward or at the midline of the body / on the inner side 5. Posterior Toward natural covering of the body 6. preceding Toward or at the former of the body . Proximal Closer to the get of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 8. Distal Further from the point of attachment of limb 9. outside(a) Structure closer to internal organs 10. internecine structure further from the internal organs 11. Superior Toward or at the upper part of the structure 12. Inferior Toward or at the lower part of the structure 13. Lateral Away from the midline of the body / on the outer side 14. Medial Toward or at the midline of the body / on the inner side 15. Posterior Toward substantiate of the body 16.Anterior Toward or at the front of the body 17. Proximal Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 18. Distal Further from the poi nt of attachment of limb 19. External Structure closer to internal organs 20. Internal structure further from the internal organs 1. 6 Label major organs inwardly body cavities Complete the diagram clearly labelling the organs and major structures. Aorta Aorta Tarynx Tarynx Trachea Trachea Heart Heart Superior vena cava Superior vena cava gullet Oesophagus Lung Lung Diaphragm Diaphragm Aorta AortaLiver Liver Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Spleen Spleen Gall bladder Gall bladder affirm Stomach Pancreas Pancreas Kidney Kidney Ureter Ureter Small intestine Small intestine Appendix Appendix Large intestine Large intestine Bladder Bladder Rectum Rectum Urethra Urethra Student notes and auxiliary Work sheets. Directional Medical Terms As an Ambulance Care Assistant you should be able to use directional medical terms. The first important thing in learning about anatomy and physiology is to know the anatomical position and body landmarks.To accurately describe body parts and posi tion, initial reference point and directional terms should be used in a medical setting. The correct anatomical position is standing up (erect) with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. To precisely point out the chief complaint of a patient, the ECA or Paramedic uses anatomical terms representing a authentic body part. For example, a patient walks in the emergency room with a laceration on the posterior portion of the left lower leg.To clearly state the celestial sphere of injury the Paramedic uses the term sural which means the posterior surface of the lower leg rather than writing back rural area of the lower leg. sharp these terms not entirely give the ECA or Paramedic a more accurate formulation of chief complaints but it also saves time of a good deal of description. To clearly explain exactly the relation of a body structure to distributively other, directional terms are used. For e xample to describe the relationship or location of the heart to the arms, we can say the heart is located in betwixt the arms.Using anatomical terminology, this is expressed as the heart is medial to the arms. Hence, it is a more clear and precise statement Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes only) type AB ACROMIAL ANTECUBITAL AXILLARY BRACHIAL buccal CARPAL CERVICAL COXAL CRURAL DIGITAL FEMORAL FIBULAR INGUINAL NASAL ORAL ORBITAL PATELLAR pelvic STERNAL PUBIC TARSAL pectoral UMBILLICAL CALCANEAL CEPHALIC DELTOID FEMORAL GLUTEAL LUMBAR OCCIPITAL OLECRANAL POPLITEAL SCAPUALR SURAL VERTEBRAL PLANTAR Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes only) ABDOMINAL ACROMIAL ANTECUBITAL AXILLARY BRACHIAL BUCCAL CARPAL CERVICAL COXAL CRURAL DIGITAL FEMORAL FIBULAR INGUINAL NASAL ORAL ORBITAL PATELLAR PELVIC STERNAL PUBIC TARSAL THORACIC UMBILLICAL CALCANEAL CEPHALIC DELTOID FEMORAL GLUTEAL LUMBAR OCCIPITAL OLECRANAL POPLITEAL SCAPUALR SURAL VERTEBRAL PLANTAR The terms c ommonly used in practice are superior, inferior, lateral, medial, posterior, anterior, sural, proximal, distal, external and internal.Using these terminologies show on the diagram below and identify the position of the directional medical terms. These terms will commonly be used in practice not only to describe injuries but to provide an appropriate handover to other healthcare professionals. ancillary Reading The Tissues Tissue is a group of cells that have a similar shape and function. Different types of tissues can be frame in different organs. In humans, there are four basic types of tissue epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. There may be various sub-tissues within individually of the primary tissues.Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The major function of epithelial tissue includes shelterion, secretion, absorption, and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt, body, bacteria and other microbes that may be harmful. Cells of the epithelial tissue have different shapes as shown on the students worksheet. Cells can be thin, flat to cubic to elongated. Connective tissue is the most abundant and the most widely distributed of the tissues.Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support and bulwark. The following tissues are found in the human body, median(a) loose connective tissue, fat tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph, which are all considered connective tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type.The cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature. Nerve tissue is composed of specialized cells which not on ly receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. Nerve cells or neurons are long and string-like. In tissues the simple-mindedst combination is called a membrane, or a sheet of tissues which cover or line the body surface or divide organs into parts. Examples include the mucous membrane which lines body cavities. Tissues inter-group communication to form organs. An organ is a part of the body which performs a definite function.The final units of organization in the body are called systems. A system is a group of organs each of which contributes its share to the function of the body as a whole 2. Know how the respiratory system functions 2. 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system. You need to consider the following topics in your answer, namely the excerptionion of Oxygen from the atmosphere and the excretion of carbon dioxide. You also need to describe how the respiratory system maintains the acid base balance of the blood and how lungs a re ventilated i. e. he parade by which bare enters the lungs. It may be useful to canvass the following text, Section 8- The Respiratory system, Ambulance Service Basic Training Manual. Nancy Caroline (2007) Emergency Care in the Streets, chapters 11. 3-11. 16 inclusive Watch the following introduction before attempting this motility, http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000018. htm The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation system is responsible for supplying body cells with essential oxygen and removing potentially harmful carbon dioxide from the body.The mouth and nose channel gloriole from outside the body through a system of tubes of diminishing size that eventually pass on the two lungs on e really(prenominal) side of the heart within the chest cavity. The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation system is responsible for supplying body cells with essential oxygen and removing potentially harmful carbon diox ide from the body. The mouth and nose channel air from outside the body through a system of tubes of diminishing size that eventually reach the two lungs on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract.Complete the diagram below. Diaphragm Diaphragm sort out lung Right lung Trachea Trachea Alveolus Alveolus Bronchus Bronchus Mouth Mouth Bronchioles Bronchioles Nasal cavity Nasal cavity 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs You need to consider the following in our answer, namely the structure of the lungs, there position within the pectoral cavity, the shape and membranes that cover them. If needed you can utilise a diagram to facilitate your explanation. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are protected by the fictile ribcage. Together they form one of the body largest organs.Their essential function is gas exchange taking vital oxygen from the air and expelling waste carbon dioxide to the air. Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which secernes at its base into main airways, the primary bronchi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a send called the hilum, which is also where the main blood vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the time decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli.This abstruse network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is known as the bronchial tree. They are corresponding trees from the pulmonic arteries and arterioles bringing low-oxygen blood from the hearts business side and pulmonary venules and veins, returning high oxygen blood to the heart left side. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are protected by the flexible ribcage. Together they form one of the body largest organs. Their essential functi on is gas exchange taking vital oxygen from the air and expelling waste carbon dioxide to the air.Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airways, the primary bronchi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a site called the hilum, which is also where the main blood vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the time decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli. This intricate network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is known as the bronchial tree.They are corresponding trees from the pulmonary arteries and arterioles bringing low-oxygen blood from the hearts right side and pulmonary venules and veins, returning high oxygen blood to the heart left side. 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration Your answer needs to include the process of both internal and external respiration and diffusion of gases through a semi permeable membrane. You do not need to consider partial pressures and diffusion gradients in order to answer this question. ECTIS (2007) chapter 11. 12 provides a worth(predicate) insight into the mechanics of respiration.External fervency is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon dioxide, a by product which is removed by the lungs. Internal inspiration is where the blood and cells carry oxygen around the body to different organs. CO2 the waste product is absorbed through the blood and sent back to the lungs and expired back into the atmosphere. Reference Ambulance service basic training manual 2003 (updated January 2010) External inspiration is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon ioxide, a by product which is removed by the lungs. Interna l inspiration is where the blood and cells carry oxygen around the body to different organs. CO2 the waste product is absorbed through the blood and sent back to the lungs and expired back into the atmosphere. Reference Ambulance service basic training manual 2003 (updated January 2010) 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma Your answer needs to focus on current best practice clinical guidelines JRCALC 2006, Nice. As an ECA you are not permitted to administer any medication such as adrenaline, Salbutalmol or Ipatropium Bromide only Oxygen therapy.Consider management of a simple exacerbation and also life threatening asthma. Ensure you structure your answer in the D,R,C,A,B,C,D,E format. 1. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and the great unwashed around you. 2. Check solvent levers by speaking to the person and tapping their shoulder if they are unconscious 3. Ring 999 for support 4. Check that causalities airway is clear and air for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above.If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an adult non re breathing place until backup arrive ready to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser mask at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. 5. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and people around you. 6. Check reaction levers by speaking to the person and tapping their shoulder if they are unconscious 7. Ring 999 for support 8. Check that causalities airway is clear and look for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above.If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an adult non re breather until backup arrive ready to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser mask at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. Supplementary Worksheets and Reading Introduction Primary f unction of respiratory system is transport of O2 and CO2. This requires the four processes collectively known as respiration Fill out the blanks pulmonic ventilation is the movement of oxygen Into and out of the lungs (breathing). This involves gas pressures and muscle contractions. 1.External Respiration is the exchange of O2 (loading) and CO2 2. (Unloading) amid blood and alveoli (air sacs). 3. Transport of respiratory gases between blood and tissues. 4. Internal Respirationis gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. The respiratory system is situated in the thorax, and is responsible for gaseous exchange between the circulatory system and the outside world. Air is expressn in via the upper airways (the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx) through the lower airways (trachea, primary bronchi and bronchial tree) and into the small bronchioles and alveoli within the lung tissue.The lungs are divided into lobes the left lung is composed of the upper lobe, the lower lobe and the li ngula (a small remnant next to the apex of the heart), the right lung is composed of the upper, the middle and the lower lobes. To take a breath in, the external intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribcage up and out. The diaphragm moves down at the same time, creating negative pressure within the thorax. The lungs are held to the thoracic wall by the pleural membranes, and so expand outwards as well. This creates negative pressure within the lungs, and so air rushes in through the upper and lower airways.Expiration is mainly due to the natural elasticity of the lungs, which tend to collapse if they are not held against the thoracic wall. This is the mechanism behind lung collapse if there is air in the pleural space (pneumothorax) Each branch of the bronchial tree eventually sub-divides to form very narrow terminal bronchioles, which terminate in the alveoli. There are many millions of alveloi in each lung, and these are the areas responsible for gaseous exchange, presenting a massive surface area for exchange to occur over.Each alveolus is very closely associated with a network of capillaries containing deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery. The capillary and alveolar walls are very thin, allowing rapid exchange of gases by passive diffusion on concentration gradients. CO2 moves into the alveolus as the concentration is much lower in the alveolus than in the blood, and O2 moves out of the alveolus as the continuous carry of blood through the capillaries prevents saturation of the blood with O2 and allows maximal transfer across the membrane. The Earths atmosphere is made up of only five gases nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, argon, and carbon dioxide.Several other compounds also are present. Complete the table below which details the composition of inspired air. Percentage Present Inspired Air 100% Oxygen 20% Nitrogen 79% Carbon Dioxide 0. 04% Water Vapour variable% Inert Gases 0. 15% Complete the table below providing a brief description of each structure. Structure description Nose The nose is mainly made up of cartilage mug up and fibrous tissues. Pharynx Pharynx is a cone do passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the oesophagus and larynx. Larynx Is part of the respiratory system and is located between the pharynx and the trachea. We use it to talk and swallow. Trachea Trachea is a tube like a portion respiratory tract that connects the larynx with the bronchus and bronchioles lungs. This is also known as the windpipe. Bronchi Bronchi are the main part of the lung that goes through to the bronchioles. Bronchioles The tiny branch of air tubes within the lungs that are a continuation of bronchus. They join the bronchi to the alveoli Lungs Lungs are involved with inspiration of oxygen and expiration of CO2, which is a part of breathing. Alveoli Part within the lungs where gas and blood exchange occurs. Tiny air sacs with a large surface area and surrounded by dense network of capillaries Pleura Liquid that lubricates the lungs and keeps them working correctly. Offer some protection against impact The rate of breathing differs significantly when presented with a variety of illnesses and/or trauma. To adequately assess a patients respiratory function you must be able to recognise whether a patients respiration rate is bradypnoeic, tachypnoeic or within normal parameters.Complete the table below to demonstrate this. Respiratory Rates Bradypneoic Normal Tachypnoeic Neonate 40 Child 30 Adult 30 asthma Signs, Symptoms and Management. Asthma is a condition that affects the airways the small tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. When a person with asthma comes into contact with something that irritates their airways (an asthma trigger), the muscles round the walls of the airways tighten so that the airways become narrower and the lining of the airways becomes exacerbate and starts to swell. Sometimes, ill-chosen mucus or phlegm builds up, which ca n further narrow the airways. These reactions thrust the airways to become narrower and irritated making it difficult to breath and leading to symptoms of asthma. Asthma is a long-term conditionthat can cause a cough, wheezing and breathlessness. The severity of the symptoms varies from person to person. Asthma can be controlled well in most people most of the time. In the UK, 5. million people are currently receiving treatment for asthma. Thatis1 in every 12 adults and 1 in every 11 children. Asthma in adults is more common in women than men. If you are diagnosed with asthma as a child, thesymptoms may unfreeze during your teenage years. However, asthma can return in adulthood. If childhood symptoms of asthma are moderate to severe, it is more likely that the condition will persist or return later in life. However, asthma does not only start inyoung people and can develop at any age. The cause of asthma is not fully understood, but it is known that asthma often runs in families. You are more likely to have asthma if one or both of your parentshas the condition. What is asthma? Asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways. These arethe small tubes, called bronchi,which carry air in and out of the lungs. If you have asthma, the bronchiwill beinflamed andmore sensitive than normal. When you come into contact with something that irritates your lungs, known as a trigger, your airways become narrow, the muscles around them tighten and there is an increase in the production of sticky mucus (phlegm). This makes it difficult to breathe and causes wheezing and coughing.Itmay alsomake your chest feel tight. A severe onset of symptoms is known as an asthma attack or an acute asthma exacerbation. Asthma attacks may require hospital treatment and can sometimes be life-threatening, although this is rare. For some people with degenerative (long-lasting) asthma, long-term inflammation of the airways may lead to more permanent narrowing. Common triggers A trigger isanyth ing that irritates the airways and brings on the symptoms of asthma. These differ from person to person and people with asthma may have several triggers.Common triggers include house dust mites, animal fur, pollen, tobacco smoke, exercise, cold air and chest infections. Other types of asthma There areother types of asthma that can be made worse by certain activities * Work-aggravated asthma is pre-existing asthma that is made worse by dust and fumes at work. * Occupational asthma is caused by exposure to specific substances at work. For example, some nurses develop occupational asthma after exposure to latex, and some workers in the food-processing industry develop occupational asthma as a response of exposure to flour. OutlookWhile there is no cure for asthma, symptoms can come and go throughout your life. A number of treatments can help control the condition very effectively. Treatment is based on two important goals * relief of symptoms * preventing hereafter symptoms and attack s from developing Successful prevention can be achieved through a combination of medicines, lifestyle advice and identifying and then avoiding potential asthma triggers Know how the cardiovascular system functions. 3. 1 Outline the role of the cardiovascular system. You need to provide a summary of the cardiovascular system its organs and their function.Watch the presentation to enable you to answer this question correctly. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000023. htm The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to kernel oxygenated blood around the body. 1. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart full of CO2. 2. It gets pushed through the heart through electrical impulses into the lungs. 3. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 4. smear flows around the body giving vital organs oxygen and interpreted away waste products. 5.Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 6. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart full of CO2. 7. It gets pushed through the heart through electrical impulses into the lungs. 8. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 9. Blood flows around the body giving vital organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 10. Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart Complete both diagrams below.It may be useful to read section 9 of the Ambulance Service basic training manual. Left Atrium Left Atrium pneumonic artery Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Right ventricle Septum Septum Left ventricle Left ventricle arterial valve Arterial valve Bicuspid valve Bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve Tricuspid valve Right atrium Right atrium Pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve Branch of pulmonary vein Branch of pulmonary vein aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Aortic branches Aortic branches Superior vena cava Superior vena cava . 2 Label the diagram. Aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Right atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Left ventricle capital cardiac vein Great cardiac vein Bradiocephalic artery Bradiocephalic artery 3. 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart. Your answer needs to include a description and functioning of the SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibres and L&R Bundle Branches. It might be useful to incorporate a diagram of the normal sinus rhythm to illustrate your answer. Watch the following presentation to reinforce your understanding of this chain of events. ttp//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000021. htm 1. The mavin sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. 2. The S-A nod e (sinoatrial node) receives the mental object and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 3. The A-V node (atrioventricular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 4. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 5. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 6. The contractions slide by as the fibres contract. 7. The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. . The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the message and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 9. The A-V node (atrioventricular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 10. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 11. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 12. The contractions happen as the fibres contract. 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels. Your answer must include a description of the arteries , veins , arterioles, venules and capillaries along with their function.You may wish to include a diagram in your answer. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesnt is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot littler and thinner than arteries. Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they deposit oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product.Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and arboresque together to make veins. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are th e biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesnt is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot smaller and thinner than arteries.Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they deposit oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product. Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. 3. 5 Describe the properties of blood. Blood is essential to life your answer must describe in detail the major components of blood and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. Dont forget that blood contains more than solids.They key components you must discuss are red blood cells, uninfected blood cells, platelets and plasm. Begin by describing their sha pe and size along with their function. Bloody is a specialized body legato, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including * Transporting oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss * Carrying cell and antibodies that fight infection * Bring waste products to kidneys and liver, which filter and strip blood * Regulation body temperatureRed blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume they are a biconcave disk shape with a flattened centre. red blood cell contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than RBCs, accounting for only 1% of blood. Most common is neutrophil (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil l ives less than a day.There are other types lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. Plasma is a liquid component of blood it is a sashay of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain bodys fluid balance.Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the ache which is why the scab forms. Bloody is a specialized body fluid, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including * Transporting oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss * Carrying ce ll and antibodies that fight infection * Bring waste products to kidneys and liver, which filter and clean blood * Regulation body temperatureRed blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume they are a biconcave disk shape with a flattened centre. RBC contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than RBCs, accounting for only 1% of blood. Most common is neutrophil (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day.There are other types lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. Plasma is a liquid component of blood it is a mix of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to t ransport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain bodys fluid balance.Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the wound which is why the scab forms. 4 Know how the nervous system supports body functions. 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system. Your answer should consider how the nervous system receives external and internal stimuli and conveys impulses not only to the brain, spinal anesthesia anesthesia cord and organs but also away from these, eliciting specific responses and in turn maintaining homeostasis. You may use diagrams and sustain on a separate sheet if needed.The main function of the central nervous system is to send electrical impulse to the brain through the spinal cord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel pa in when hurt or unwell. Somatic nerves have control over movement of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the bodys natural reactions such as breathing, you dont need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breathing rate.Homeostasis is the body autocratic the bodys natural state and responding to change within your natural state. The stimulus receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the information and relays the message to the control centre which makes the decision on how to deal with the situation and return moved(p) are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS SThe main function of the central nervous system is to send electrical impulse to the brain through the spinal cord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to rea ct and feel pain when hurt or unwell. Somatic nerves have control over movement of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the bodys natural reactions such as breathing, you dont need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breathing rate. Homeostasis is the body controlling the bodys natural state and responding to change within your natural state.The stimulus receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the information and relays the message to the control centre which makes the decision on how to deal with the situation and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS S 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system. encircling(prenominal) nerve Peripheral nerve Spinal cord Spinal cord Brain Brain 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system.Please label the diagrams. Parietal lobe Parietal lobe facade lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Occipital lobe Cerebellum Cerebellum Temporal lobe Temporal lobe Spinal cord Spinal cord 5 Know how the skeletal system functions. 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system. You should consider the skeletal system has several functions that include not only protection, movement and support but also blood cell production. Your answer should provide a brief explanation on how the skeletal system performs the aforementioned functions. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body.It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal system also plays a vital role in protecting main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found within the thoracic ca vity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body.It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal system also plays a vital role in protecting main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. 5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton Label the diagrams below Skull Skull Sternum Sternum genus Patella Patella Sacrum Sacrum elbow bone Ulna Radius Radius Humerus Humerus Ribs RibsMetatarsals Metatarsals Tibia Tibia Fibula Fibula Femur Femur Radius Radius Ulna Ulna Scapular Scapular Clavicle Clavicle 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints. Your answer must provide a full description of the different types of joints in the human body. It would be useful to identify where these joints are and if needed provide a diagram. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size. Cartilaginous joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. send joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated.The thumb is the only bone with a saddle joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an exception it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the wrist is very flexible and has full rotation. Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size.Cartilaginous joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated. The thumb is the only bone with a saddle joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an exception it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the wrist is very flexible and has full rotation.Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. 5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and the skeleton Your answer must include the funct ions of ligaments, tendons and muscles in relation to bones and joints e. g. ligaments, attach one bone to another at the site of a joint tendons continuous with the sheath covering each muscle and attached to the outer surface of a bone, another muscle or the skin, muscles, provide force to produce movement.The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. Supplementary resources and reading All the web links are interactive resources that you can utilise to reinforce and consolidate your understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body.These are interesting and informative interactive modules that you should enjoy completing. These are not compulsory however it will help you in your continued study towards becoming an Emergency Care Assistant and further in your career as a pre hospital professional. It would be helpful once you have completed these interactive modules to provide a screen print of the last page confirming you have completed the module, placing this in your portfolio under unit 11 anatomy and physiology. Using the web link below complete the online learning module that investigates the pulmonary and systemic circulation 1. http//www. wisc-online. om/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 employ the link below to reinforce your understanding of the anatomy of the respiratory system 2. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 The following link investigates the mechanism of breathing and the process of external and internal respiration 3. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP15104 Use the link below to consolidate your un derstanding of the cardiovascular system 4. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 This link enables you to further investigate blood and the cells found within it. 5. http//www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 This link is a crossword puzzle that asks you to identify common cardiovascular diseases, be warned it is quite difficult. 8. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 The nervous system is of paramount importance to maintain homeostasis, use these links to investigate the nervous system further. The links will enable you to have a full understanding of the brain, the sympathetic nervous system and nerve fibres. 9. ttp//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. http//www. wisc-online. co m/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 This link follows on from the nervous system and gives a brief insight into brain injury 13. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 The skeletal system enables the human form to remain upright, use this link to name the bones contained within the skeleton and the skull 14. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. spx? ID=MEA304 15. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 This final resource is produced by the BBC, again very interactive and sallows you to demonstrate your knowledge of a variety of body systems. 17. http//www. bbc. co. uk/ acquaintance/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shtml As part of your role as a ECA you will be required to measure a patients blood pressure, utilise the interactive tutorial to familiarise yourself with blood pressure, its measurement and consequence of abnormality 18. http//www. nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the presentation) 20. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm This resource contains hundreds on interactive tutorials on a variety of diseases, this is a valuable research tool for you to use at your leisure 21. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html Interactive Module Links Tracking Sheet Watched Y/N Comment 1. http//www. wisc online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 2. http//www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 3. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP15104 4. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 5. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObj ect. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 8. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 9. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. ttp//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 13. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 14. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=MEA304 15. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 17. http//www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shtml 18. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http//www. nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the pres entation) 20. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm 21. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html Criteria Achieved(? ) AssessorsComments Internal Verifiers Comments 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell 1. 2 Outline the definition of tissue 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system 1. 5 Define directional terms used in medicine 1. 6 Label major organs within the body cavities . 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma 3. 1 Outline the role of thecardiovascular system 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart 3. 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels 3. 5Describe the properties of blood 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system 4. Identify the components of the nervous system 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system 5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints 5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and the skeleton General Comments Areas for Improvement Assessor Signature designation Learner Signature Date Internal Verifier Signature Date

Great Society: Big Ideas

School Desegregation Montgomery Bus ostracise Tallahassee Bus Boycott Freedom Rides March on Washington Childrens Crusade Freedom Summer Selma March and Bloody Sunday own words) Boycott refusal to deal with something, such as a business, as a protest to force some kind of change Civil disobedience intentional breaking of a law in a nonviolent or passive manner Civil Rights Movement social movement of the asses ND asses to establish equality and civil rights for African Americans integration acceptance and equal access for all people into a group or place Segregation enforced separation of groups Social activism use of flat action to bring about social change 7. 03 Minority Rights The Big Ideas How were the Civil Rights Movement and other social movements of the asses similar? How were women viewed by most of high society in the asses? How did this change in the ASSES?What was the Equal Rights Amendment? What happened to it? Who were the United Farm Workers? How did they figh t for their cause? What was the primaeval American Power movement? How did life change for Native Americans in 1953? What did Native Americans gain through social activism in the asses and early ASSES? Gray Panthers (Who were they and what did they fight for? ) National Organization for Women (NOW) (What were their goals? ) Betty Friedman Phyllis Scholarly Cesar Caves Events (Describe the event, its causes and effects) Civil Rights Act of 1964 (How did it fall upon different minority groups? ) 1961 Presidents Commission on the Status of Women Title IX was passed

Paul Krugman, in Praise of Cheap Labor Bad Jobs at Bad Wages Are Better Than No Jobs at All.

In Praise of Cheap Labor Bad jobs at stinking wages are better than no jobs at all. ByPaul KrugmanPosted Friday, March 21, 1997, at 330 AM ET For many days a huge Manila garbage dump known as Smokey mussiness was a favorite media symbol of Third mankind poverty. Several gravitational constant men, women, and children lived on that dumpenduring the stench, the flies, and the toxic waste in order to make a living combing the garbage for scrap metal and early(a) recyclables. And they lived there voluntarily, because the $10 or so a squatter family could clear in a day was better than the alternatives.Advertisement The squatters are gone now, forcibly removed by Philippine police last year as a cosmetic move in advance of a Pacific sass summit. moreover I found myself thinking about Smokey Mountain recently, after reading my latest batch of hate mail. The occasion was an op-ed piece I had create verbally for theNew York Times, in which I had pointed out that while wages and ope rative conditions in the new export industries of the Third World are appalling, they are a galactic improvement over the previous, less visible rural poverty. I guess I should have expected that this comment would generate letters along the lines of, Well, if you turn a loss your comfortable position as an American professor you can always find a nonher jobas long as you are 12 years old and willing to work for 40 cents an hour. Such clean outrage is common among the opponents of globalizationof the transfer of technology and capital from high-wage to low-wage countries and the resulting growth of labour-intensive Third World exports.These critics take it as a given that anyone with a better word for this process is naive or corrupt and, in each case, a de facto agent of global capital in its oppression of workers here and abroad. But matters are non that simple, and the moral lines are not that clear. In fact, let me make a counter-accusation The lofty moral tone of the op ponents of globalization is workable just if because they have chosen not to think their position through. While fat-cat capitalists dexterity benefit from globalization, the biggest beneficiaries are, yes, Third World workers.After all, global poverty is not something recently invented for the benefit of multinational corporations. Lets turn the clock back to the Third World as it was only two decades ago (and fluid is, in many countries). In those days, although the rapid economic growth of a handful of small Asian nations had sounded to attract attention, developing countries alike(p) Indonesia or Bangladesh were still mainly what they had always been exporters of raw materials, importers of manufactures.Inefficient manufacturing sectors served their domestic markets, sheltered behind import quotas, but generated a few(prenominal) jobs. Meanwhile, population pressure pushed desperate peasants into cultivating ever more marginal land or seeking a livelihood in any way poss iblesuch as homesteading on a mountain of garbage. Given this lack of other opportunities, you could hire workers in Jakarta or Manila for a pittance.But in the mid-70s, cheap labor was not enough to allow a developing country to compete in world markets for manufactured goods. The entrenched advantages of modernistic nationstheir infrastructure and technical know-how, the vastly larger size of their markets and their proximity to suppliers of key components, their political stability and the subtle-but-crucial social adaptations that are necessary to operate an efficient scrimpingseemed to outweigh even a tenfold or twentyfold disparity in wage rates.And then something changed. Some combination of factors thatwe still dont amply understandlower tariff barriers, improved telecommunications, cheaper air transportreduced the disadvantages of producing in developing countries. (Other things being the same, it is still better to produce in the first base Worldstories of companies th at moved production to Mexico or East Asia, then moved back after experiencing the disadvantages of the Third World environment, are common. In a warm number of industries, low wages allowed developing countries to break into world markets. And so countries that had previously made a living selling jute or coffee started producing shirts and sneakers instead. Workers in those shirt and sneaker factories are, inevitably, paid very little and expected to endure terrible working conditions. I say inevitably because their employers are not in business for their (or their workers) health they pay as little as possible, and that minimum is determined by the other opportunities available to workers.And these are still extremely short(p) countries, where living on a garbage heap is attractive compared with the alternatives. And yet, wherever the new export industries have grown, there has been measurable improvement in the lives of indifferent mess. Partly this is because a growing indu stry must offer a somewhat higher wage than workers could master elsewhere in order to get them to move. More importantly, however, the growth of manufacturingand of the penumbra of other jobs that the new export sector createshas a ripple effect throughout the economy.The pressure on the land becomes less intense, so rural wages rise the pool of unemployed urban dwellers always anxious for work shrinks, so factories start to compete with each other for workers, and urban wages also begin to rise. Where the process has gone on long enoughsay, in South Korea or Taiwanaverage wages start to approach what an American teen-ager can earn at McDonalds. And eventually people are no longer eager to live on garbage dumps. (Smokey Mountain persisted because the Philippines, until recently, did not share in the export-led growth of its neighbors.Jobs that pay better than scavenging are still few and far between. ) The benefits of export-led economic growth to the mass of people in the newly i ndustrializing economies are not a matter of conjecture. A country like Indonesia is still so poor that surface can be measured in terms of how much the average person gets to eat since 1970, per capita intake has risen from less than 2,100 to more than 2,800 calories a day. A shocking one-third of issue children are still malnourishedbut in 1975, the fraction was more than half.Similar improvements can be seen throughout the Pacific Rim, and even in places like Bangladesh. These improvements have not taken place because well-meaning people in the West have done anything to helpforeign aid, never large, has lately shrunk to near nothing. Nor is it the result of the benign policies of national governments, which are as callous and corrupt as ever. It is the indirect and unintended result of the actions of soulless multinationals and rapacious local entrepreneurs, whose only concern was to take advantage of the profit opportunities offered by cheap labor.It is not an edifying spec tacle but no matter how base the motives of those involved, the result has been to move hundreds of millions of people from abject poverty to something still awful but nonetheless significantly better. Why, then, the outrage of my correspondents? Why does the image of an Indonesian sewing sneakers for 60 cents an hour touch so much more feeling than the image of another Indonesian earning the equivalent of 30 cents an hour trying to feed his family on a small plot of landor of a Filipino scavenging on a garbage heap?The main answer, I think, is a sort of fastidiousness. Unlike the starved subsistence farmer, the women and children in the sneaker factory are working at slave wagesfor our benefitand this makes us feel unclean. And so there are holier-than-thou demands for international labor standards We should not, the opponents of globalization insist, be willing to buy those sneakers and shirts unless the people who make them receive decent wages and work under decent condition s. This sounds only fairbut is it? Lets think through the consequences.First of all, even if we could assure the workers in Third World export industries of higher wages and better working conditions, this would do nothing for the peasants, day laborers, scavengers, and so on who make up the bulk of these countries populations. At best, forcing developing countries to adhere to our labor standards would create a interior labor aristocracy, leaving the poor majority no better off. And it might not even do that. The advantages of established First World industries are still formidable.The only reason developing countries have been able to compete with those industries is their ability to offer employers cheap labor. Deny them that ability, and you might well deny them the prospect of keep industrial growth, even reverse the growth that has been achieved. And since export-oriented growth, for all its in referee, has been a huge boon for the workers in those nations, anything that cur tails that growth is very much against their interests. A policy of good jobs in principle, but no jobs in practice, might assuage our consciences, but it is no favor to its alleged beneficiaries.You may say that the wretched of the earth should not be forced to serve as hewers of wood, drawers of water, and sewers of sneakers for the affluent. But what is the alternative? Should they be helped with foreign aid? Maybealthough the historical record of regions like southern Italy suggests that such aid has a tendency to promote perpetual dependence. Anyway, there isnt the slightest prospect of significant aid materializing. Should their own governments provide more social justice? Of coursebut they wont, or at least not because we tell them to.And as long as you have no realistic alternative to industrialization based on low wages, to oppose it means that you are willing to deny desperately poor people the best chance they have of progress for the sake of what amounts to an aestheti c standardthat is, the fact that you dont like the idea of workers being paid a pittance to supply rich Westerners with fashion items. In short, my correspondents are not entitled to their self-righteousness. They have not thought the matter through. And when the hopes of hundreds of millions are at stake, thinking things through is not just good intellectual practice. It is a moral duty